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Allan Kardec
Allan Kardec () is the pen name of the French educator, translator and author Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail ((:ʁivɑj); 3 October 1804 – 31 March 1869). He is the author of the five books known as the Spiritist Codification, and is the founder of Spiritism.〔Lewis Spence. (2003). ''Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology''. Kessinger Publishing. p. 491; ISBN 978-11613-618-2-7〕〔Moreira-Almeida, Alexander (2008). (''Allan Kardec and the development of a research program in psychic experiences'' ). Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association & Society for Psychical Research Convention. Winchester, UK.〕
==Early life==
Rivail was born in Lyon in 1804 and raised as a Roman Catholic. He pursued interests in philosophy and the sciences, and became an acolyte and colleague of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.〔〔Eliane Rezende Garcia. (''A Educação: saber e sabor na relação entre sujeitos'' ) (In Portuguese). Ponto-e-Vírgula, 10: 282-285, 2011. PUC-SP. ISSN 1982-4807.〕 Rivail completed a number of educational courses including a Bachelor of Arts degrees in science 〔Kardec, A. (1860b). Formation de la terre. Théorie de l'incrustation planétaire. Revue Spirite - Journal d’Études Psychologiques〕 and a doctorate in medicine.〔Allan Kardec (a), a compilation of short works entitled Christian Spiritism (Philadelphia: Allan Kardec Educational Society, 1985), p. 189〕 He was also fluent in German, English, Italian, and Spanish in addition to his native French.〔Janet Duncan, Translator's Preface to Allan Kardec's The Gospel According to Spiritism (London: Headquarters Publishing, 1987), pp. ix-x〕
He was a member of several scholarly societies, including the Historic Institute of Paris (Institut Historique), Society of Natural Sciences of France (Société des Sciences Naturelles de France), Society for the Encouragement of National Industry (Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale), and The Royal Academy of Arras (Académie d'Arras, Société Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts).〔 He organized and taught free courses for the underprivileged.〔〔 (Textos - Allan Kardec ), espirito.org.br; accessed 30 October 2015.〕
Rivail's work with Pestalozzi helped lay the foundations for the teaching model in schools in France and Germany. For several decades he helped advance Pestalozzi's pedagogy in France, founding schools and working as a teacher, educational writer and translator.〔
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